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Old page wikitext, before the edit (`old_wikitext`)	'{{short description\|Geographical place in the United States where tornadoes commonly occur}} {{for\|the book by William S. Burroughs\|Tornado Alley (book)}} {{more citations needed\|date=April 2024}} [[File:Tornado Alley Diagram.svg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|A diagram of tornado alley based on 1 tornado or more per decade. Rough location (red), and its contributing weather systems]] '''Tornado Alley''' is a loosely defined location of the central [[United States]] and [[Canada]] where [[tornado]]es are most frequent.<ref>{{cite book \|last = Glickman \|first = Todd S. \|title = Glossary of Meteorology \|publisher = American Meteorological Society \|edition = 2nd \|date = 2000 \|location = Boston \|isbn = 978-1878220349 \|url = http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Tornado_alley \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094330/http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Tornado_alley \|archive-date = 2015-05-18 }}</ref> The term was first used in 1952 as the title of a [[research project]] to study [[severe weather]] in areas of [[Texas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Kansas]], [[South Dakota]], [[Iowa]] and [[Nebraska]]. Tornado climatologists distinguish peaks in activity in certain areas<ref name="smaller alleys" /> and [[Storm chasing\|storm chasers]] have long recognized the [[Great Plains]] '''tornado belt'''.<ref>{{cite journal \|last = Prentice \|first = Robert A. \|title = When to Chase \|journal = Stormtrack \|volume = 16 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 8–11 \|date = Nov–Dec 1992 }}</ref> As a colloquial term there are no definitively set boundaries of Tornado Alley, but the area common to most definitions extends from Texas, through Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Iowa, [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Missouri]], [[Arkansas]], [[North Dakota]], [[Montana]], [[Ohio]], and eastern portions of [[Colorado]] and [[Wyoming]].<ref name="si">{{cite web \|title = Tornado Alley \|publisher = Smithsonian Institution \|url = http://www.si.edu/Content/SE/Educator%20Guides/Tornado_EdGuide_R5.pdf \|access-date = October 2, 2013 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131018054833/http://www.si.edu/Content/SE/Educator%20Guides/Tornado_EdGuide_R5.pdf \|archive-date = October 18, 2013 }}</ref> Research suggests that the main alley may be shifting eastward away from the Great Plains,<ref>{{cite news\|title=Tornado outbreaks seem to be occurring in greater 'clusters,' but the role that climate change plays in them is unclear.\|first1=Michael\|last1=Levenson\|first2=Vimal\|last2=Patel\|first3=Isabella\|last3=Grullón Paz\|first4=Mike\|last4=Ives\|first5=Winston\|last5=Choi-Schagrin\|work=[[The New York Times]]\|date=December 11, 2021\|accessdate=December 11, 2021\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/12/11/us/tornadoes-midwest-south#such-tornado-outbreaks-seem-to-be-occurring-in-greater-clusters-researchers-say}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|title=Spatial trends in United States tornado frequency\|first1=Vittorio A.\|last1=Gensini\|first2=Harold E.\|last2=Brooks\|journal=[[npj Climate and Atmospheric Science]]\|publisher=Springer Nature\|volume=1\|issue=38\|date=October 17, 2018\|doi=10.1038/s41612-018-0048-2\|s2cid=134206119 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> and that tornadoes are also becoming more frequent in the northern and eastern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the [[Canadian Prairies]], [[Ohio]], [[Michigan]], and [[Southern Ontario]].<ref name="usask"/><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2022/05/27/gaylord-ef-3-tornado-climate-change/9932205002/ \| title=Michiganders should take tornadoes more seriously after Gaylord, experts say }}</ref> == Geographical area == [[File:Tornado Alley.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|Tornado activity in the United States.]] Over the years, the location(s) of Tornado Alley have not been clearly defined. No definition of tornado alley has ever been officially designated by the [[National Weather Service]] (NWS).<ref name=nssl /> Thus, differences in location are the result of the different criteria used.<ref name=nssl /><ref>{{cite web \|title = Tornado FAQ \|work = Storm Prediction Center \|publisher = NOAA \|date = January 29, 2007 \|url = http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado#alley1 \|access-date = September 29, 2013 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302230203/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#alley1 \|archive-date = March 2, 2012 }}</ref> According to the [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]] (NSSL) FAQ,<ref name=nssl /> "Tornado Alley" is a term used by the media as a reference to areas that have higher numbers of tornadoes. A study of 1921–1995 tornadoes concluded almost one-fourth of all significant tornadoes occur in this area.<ref>{{cite web \|title = Climatology Risk of Strong and Violent Tornadoes In the United States \|publisher = Northern Illinois University & NOAA/ERL/National Severe Storms Laboratory \|date = January 29, 2007 \|url = http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/concannon \|access-date = April 26, 2007 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070503091216/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/concannon/ \|archive-date = May 3, 2007 }}</ref> Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Michigan, and western Ohio are sometimes included in Tornado Alley.<ref name="si"/> Some research suggests that tornadoes are becoming more frequent in the northern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the Canadian Prairies.<ref name="usask">{{cite web\|url=https://www.usask.ca/water/news-and-events/news/news43.php \|title=The new tornado alley \|last=Ferguson \|first=Mark \|date=2012-10-09 \|publisher=University of Saskatchewan \|access-date=2014-01-16 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118195234/http://www.usask.ca/water/news-and-events/news/news43.php \|archive-date=2014-01-18 }}</ref> No place on earth is entirely free of tornadoes, however, they occur much more frequently in the [[United States]], particularly in the [[Central United States\|Central states]], between the [[Rocky Mountains]] to the west and [[Appalachian Mountains]] to the east.<ref name="nssl">{{cite web \|title = Severe Weather 101: Tornado FAQ \|work = National Severe Storms Laboratory \|publisher = NOAA \|date = January 29, 2007 \|url = http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/faq \|access-date = September 29, 2013 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131030104520/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/faq/ \|archive-date = October 30, 2013 }}</ref> Texas has the most overall number of tornadoes of any state. Per data collected through 2007, Kansas and Oklahoma ranked first and second respectively in the number of tornadoes per area. However, in 2013 statistics from the [[National Climatic Data Center]] reported Florida ranked first in tornadoes per area, although Florida is not a part of Tornado Alley.<ref name="ncdc">{{cite web \|title = Tornado Climatology \|publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]] \|date = January 29, 2007 \|url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/severeweather/tornadoes.html \|access-date = April 26, 2007 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629012820/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/severeweather/tornadoes.html \|archive-date = June 29, 2011 }}</ref> Florida's high ranking on the tornado list also has to do with the fact that the state sees a high number of [[waterspout]]s, small tornadoes that form over water. Although strong land-tornadoes have hit Florida and reports show Florida has a very high number of overall tornadoes, the tornadoes in the state seldom reach the velocity of those that may occur in the Southern Plains.<ref name="ncdc"/> In the United States, tornadoes typically occur in late spring and early summer during the changing season patterns as a warm air mass typically collides with a cold air mass resulting in tornadoes.<ref name=ncdc /> Another criterion for the location of Tornado Alley can be where the strongest tornadoes occur more frequently.<ref>{{cite tech report \|title=Taking Shelter from the Storm: Building a Safe Room for Your Home or Small Business \|number=P-320 \|institution=FEMA \|date=December 2014 \|url=http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1418837471752-920f09bb8187ee15436712a3e82ce709/FEMA_P-320_2014_508.pdf \|access-date=July 18, 2015 \|format=pdf \|edition=4th \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721201637/http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1418837471752-920f09bb8187ee15436712a3e82ce709/FEMA_P-320_2014_508.pdf \|archive-date=July 21, 2015 }}</ref> Tornado Alley can also be defined as an area reaching from central Texas to the Canadian Prairies and from eastern Colorado to western Ohio.<ref name="si" /> Some researchers argue that there are several Tornado Alleys.<ref name="si" /> In addition to the Texas/Oklahoma/Kansas core, such other areas include the Upper Midwest, the lower Ohio Valley, the Tennessee Valley, and the lower Mississippi valley, which may have respective distinguishing characteristics.<ref name="si" /> A coherent conception considers that there is a single Tornado Alley in the United States and Canada, and that this can simply be subdivided into smaller areas based on regional attributes.<ref name="smaller alleys">{{cite conference \|first=Chris \|last=Broyles \|author2=C. Crosbie \|title=Evidence of Smaller Tornado Alleys Across the United States Based on a Long Track F3-F5 Tornado Climatology Study from 1880-2003 \|book-title=22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms \|publisher=American Meteorological Society \|date=October 2004 \|location=Hyannis, MA \|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81872.htm \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002101420/https://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81872.htm \|archive-date=2013-10-02 }}</ref> The extension of the North American tornadically active in the southeastern U.S., notably the lower [[Mississippi Valley]] and the upper [[Tennessee Valley]], are sometimes called by the nickname "[[Dixie Alley]]", coined in 1971 by [[Allen Pearson]], former director of the [[National Severe Storms Forecast Center]] (NSSFC).<ref>Gagan et al. (2010), page 147.</ref> A 2018 study found in the U.S., over the study period 1979–2017, an overall eastward shift of tornado frequency and impacts - toward Dixie Alley.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Rice \|first1=Doyle \|title=USA's infamous 'Tornado Alley' may be shifting east \|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2018/10/17/tornado-alley-shifting-east/1660803002/ \|publisher=USA Today \|date=17 October 2018}}</ref> The study found, since 1979, relatively-lower tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the traditional Tornado Alley, especially areas from north-central Texas toward the Houston, TX area, and relatively-higher tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the Mid-South, especially eastern Arkansas, the greater Memphis, TN area and northern Mississippi - all areas near the heart of Dixie Alley - see especially Figure 4. In Tornado Alley, warm, humid air from the equator meets cool to cold, dry air from Canada and the [[Rocky Mountains]]. This creates an ideal environment for tornadoes to form within developed thunderstorms and [[supercell]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-tornado-alley-where-are-tornadoes-most-likely-to-occur-where-is-the-tornado-belt.html\|title=Tornado Alley: The Most Tornado Prone Region In The World\|date=September 16, 2016\|website=www.worldatlas.com\|access-date=October 15, 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025153639/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-tornado-alley-where-are-tornadoes-most-likely-to-occur-where-is-the-tornado-belt.html\|archive-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref> == Origin of the term == The term "tornado alley" was first used in 1952 by U.S. Air Force meteorologists Major Ernest J. Fawbush (1915–1982) and Captain [[Robert C. Miller]] (1920–1998), as the title of a research project<ref>{{cite web\|title=Essay Tornado\|url=http://essaytornado.com\|work=Major Ernest J. Fawbush and Captain Robert C. Miller\|access-date=November 25, 2015\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103074031/http://essaytornado.com/\|archive-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref> to study severe weather in parts of Texas and Oklahoma.<ref>Jeremy Singer-Vine (May 23, 2011) [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/05/how_did_tornado_alley_get_its_name.html "How did "Tornado Alley" get its name?,"] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528231235/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/05/how_did_tornado_alley_get_its_name.html \|date=2012-05-28 }} ''Slate'' (on-line magazine).</ref><ref>John P. Gagan, Alan Gerard, and John Gordon (December 2010) [http://www.nwas.org/digest/papers/2010/Vol34No2/Pg145-Gagan-etal.pdf "A historical and statistical comparison of "Tornado Alley" to "Dixie Alley", "] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517230917/http://www.nwas.org/digest/papers/2010/Vol34No2/Pg145-Gagan-etal.pdf \|date=2012-05-17 }} ''National Weather Digest'', vol. 34, no. 2, pages 146-155; see especially page 146.</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/goldenanniversary/awards.html \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010504111215/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/goldenanniversary/awards.html \| title = Weather officers commended \| newspaper = Take-Off \| publisher = Tinker Air Force Base \| location = Midwest City, Oklahoma \| date = January 16, 1953 \| archive-date = 4 May 2001}}</ref> == Impact == Despite the elevated frequency of destructive tornadoes, [[building code]]s, such as requiring strengthened roofs and more secure connections between the building and its [[foundation (architecture)\|foundation]], are not necessarily stricter compared to other areas of the United States and are markedly weaker than some hurricane prone areas, such as south Florida. One particular tornado-afflicted town, [[Moore, Oklahoma]], managed to increase its building requirements in 2014.<ref>{{cite news \|last = Simmons \|first = Kevin M. \|title = An Oklahoma Suburb, Tornado-Ready \|newspaper = The New York Times \|date = May 14, 2015 \|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/14/opinion/an-oklahoma-suburb-tornado-ready.html \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161124101451/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/14/opinion/an-oklahoma-suburb-tornado-ready.html \|archive-date = November 24, 2016 }}</ref> Other common precautionary measures include the construction of [[storm cellar]]s and the installation of [[Civil defense siren\|tornado sirens]]. Tornado awareness, [[Tornado preparedness\|preparedness]], and [[Mass media\|media]] weather coverage are also high. The southeastern United States is particularly prone to violent, long track tornadoes. Much of the housing in this region is less robust compared to other areas in the United States, and many people live in mobile homes. As a result, tornado-related casualties in the [[southern United States]] are higher. Significant tornadoes occur less frequently than in the traditionally recognized tornado alley; however, very severe and expansive [[Tornado outbreak\|outbreaks]] occur every few years.{{cn\|date=April 2024}} == Frequency of tornadoes == These figures, reported by the [[National Climatic Data Center]] for the period between 1991 and 2010, show the seventeen U.S. states with the highest average number of EF0-EF5 tornadoes per {{convert\|10000\|sqmi\|km2\|abbr=out\|1}} per year.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Average Annual Number of EF0-EF5 Tornadoes per 10,000 square miles during 1991 - 2010\|url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/images/tornado/clim/avg-ef0-ef5-torn1991-2010.gif\|work=National Climatic Data Center\|publisher=NOAA.gov\|access-date=October 26, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191409/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/images/tornado/clim/avg-ef0-ef5-torn1991-2010.gif\|archive-date=October 29, 2013\|location=U.S. Tornado Climatology\|format=gif\|url-status=live}}</ref> {{div col\|colwidth=12em}} # Florida: 12.3 # Kansas: 11.7 # Maryland: 9.9 # Illinois: 9.7 # Mississippi: 9.2 # Iowa: 9.1 # Oklahoma: 9 # South Carolina: 9 # Alabama: 8.6 # Louisiana: 8.5 # Arkansas: 7.5 # Nebraska: 7.4 # Missouri: 6.5 # North Carolina: 6.4 # Tennessee: 6.2 # Indiana: 6.1 # Texas: 5.9 {{div col end}} == Tornadoes in Canada == Canada records the second most tornadoes in the world after the United States.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2023}} The average number of tornadoes per equal area of land is highest in the southern parts of [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]], and [[Ontario]]. [[File:Canadian Tornado Alleys.png\|thumb\|Canadian Tornado Alley]] Roughly half of all Canadian tornadoes strike the Canadian Prairies and [[Northern Ontario]] as far east as [[Lake Superior]]. Together, these regions make up the northernmost border of the U.S. Tornado Alley. Tornadoes up to [[2007 Elie tornado\|F5]] in strength have been documented in this region.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Spring and Summer Weather Hazards \|date = 9 June 2010\|url=http://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=6C5D4990-1#tornadoes \|publisher=Government of Canada \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802230612/http://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=6C5D4990-1 \|archive-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> Another third of Canadian tornadoes strike [[Southern Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], especially in the region between the [[Great Lakes]] and the nation's capital city, [[Ottawa]]. Tornadoes do not often hit lake shadow regions,<ref name="yorku.ca"/> although they are not unknown, and some, such as the [[2011 Goderich, Ontario tornado\|2011 Goderich tornado]], have been violent. However, most Ontario tornadoes are concentrated in a narrow corridor from [[Windsor, Ontario\|Windsor]] to [[Ottawa]]<ref name="yorku.ca">{{cite web \|url=http://www.yorku.ca/pat/research/dsills/papers/GLOMW2012/Sills_GLOMW2012.pdf \|title=A Fresh Spin on Tornado Occurrence and Intensity in Ontario \|last=Sills \|first=David \|publisher=Environment Canada \|access-date=2014-01-17 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118175543/http://www.yorku.ca/pat/research/dsills/papers/GLOMW2012/Sills_GLOMW2012.pdf \|archive-date=2014-01-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Meiklejohn \|first1=Scott \|title=The current 'Tornado Alley' \|url=http://mobile.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=Should__Tornado_Alley__be_expanded__11_04_2012?ref=ccbox_news_topstories \|publisher=The Weather Network \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121025510/http://mobile.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3DShould__Tornado_Alley__be_expanded__11_04_2012?ref=ccbox_news_topstories \|archive-date=21 January 2014 \|date=11 April 2012}}</ref> as well as through portions of Central Quebec.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Salazar\|first=Antoinette\|date=2021-12-13\|title=Where is the Tornado Alley in Canada?\|url=https://cubetoronto.com/canada/where-is-the-tornado-alley-in-canada/\|access-date=2022-01-18\|website=About Canada\|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Northern Tornadoes Project\|url=https://www.uwo.ca/ntp/\|access-date=2022-01-18\|website=Northern Tornadoes Project\|language=en}}</ref> Tornadoes up to F4 in strength have been documented in this region. In more recent years, an emerging trend has suggested that the [[Ottawa Valley]] is seeing an increasing number of frequent and violent tornadoes. The [[2018 United States–Canada tornado outbreak\|2018 National Capital Region Outbreak]] spawned a high-end EF3 and high-end EF2 which caused catastrophic damage to areas in both Ottawa and Gatineau. 2023 saw 5 tornadoes of varying intensities strike the region, including two EF1 tornadoes which touched down in the [[Barrhaven]] suburb within minutes of one another. This phenomenon, while still in the preliminary stages of study, has led some to name this hotspot "Tornado Valley".{{cn\|date=April 2024}} [[Southwestern Ontario]] weather is strongly influenced by its peninsular position between the [[Great Lakes]]. As a result, increases in temperature in this region are likely to increase the amount of precipitation in storms due to lake evaporation. Increased temperature contrasts may also increase the violence and possibly the number of tornadoes.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.sciences360.com/index.php/weather-predictions-made-by-the-global-warming-model-3254/ \|title=Weather Predictions Made by the Global Warming Model \|last=Scott \|first=Cameron \|publisher=Sciences 360 \|date=2012-04-11 \|access-date=2014-01-17 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201185344/http://www.sciences360.com/index.php/weather-predictions-made-by-the-global-warming-model-3254/ \|archive-date=2014-02-01 }}</ref> [[Northern Ontario]] between the Manitoba border and Lake Superior is also prone to severe tornadoes, but tornadoes in this area are believed to be underestimated due to the extremely low population in this region.<ref name="yorku.ca" /><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/when-is-peak-tornado-season-in-canada/31509 \|title=When is Peak Tornado Season in Canada? \|publisher=AccuWeather \|date=2010-05-14 \|access-date=2014-01-16 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118051928/http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/when-is-peak-tornado-season-in-canada/31509 \|archive-date=2014-01-18 }}</ref> == See also == {{portal\|Tornadoes}} * [[Hailstorm Alley]] * [[Hurricane Alley]] * [[List of tornadoes by calendar day]] * [[Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks]] * [[Tornado climatology]] == References == {{reflist\|2}} == External links == * [http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/tornado/ NSSL Tornado Climatology] * [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0434%282003%29018%3C0626:CEOLDT%3E2.0.CO;2 Climatological Estimates of Local Daily Tornado Probability for the United States] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081029181406/http://www.cas.sc.edu/geog/hrl/Hazard_Pubs/2003_TornadoHazardsUSA.pdf Tornado hazards in the United States] * [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809503000504 Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions] {{coord\|35\|N\|88\|W\|source:wikidata\|display=title}} {{U.S. Belt regions}} [[Category:Tornado]] [[Category:Regions of the United States]] [[Category:Natural history of the United States]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (`new_wikitext`)	'{{short description\|Geographical place in the United States where tornadoes commonly occur}} {{for\|the book by William S. Burroughs\|Tornado Alley (book)}} {{more citations needed\|date=April 2024}} [[File:Tornado Alley Diagram.svg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|A diagram of tornado alley based on 1 tornado or more per decade. Rough location (red), and its contributing weather systems]] '''Tornado Alley''' is a loosely defined location of the central [[United States] Big balls == Geographical area == [[File:Tornado Alley.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|Tornado activity in the United States.]] Over the years, the location(s) of Tornado Alley have not been clearly defined. No definition of tornado alley has ever been officially designated by the [[National Weather Service]] (NWS).<ref name=nssl /> Thus, differences in location are the result of the different criteria used.<ref name=nssl /><ref>{{cite web \|title = Tornado FAQ \|work = Storm Prediction Center \|publisher = NOAA \|date = January 29, 2007 \|url = http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado#alley1 \|access-date = September 29, 2013 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302230203/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#alley1 \|archive-date = March 2, 2012 }}</ref> According to the [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]] (NSSL) FAQ,<ref name=nssl /> "Tornado Alley" is a term used by the media as a reference to areas that have higher numbers of tornadoes. A study of 1921–1995 tornadoes concluded almost one-fourth of all significant tornadoes occur in this area.<ref>{{cite web \|title = Climatology Risk of Strong and Violent Tornadoes In the United States \|publisher = Northern Illinois University & NOAA/ERL/National Severe Storms Laboratory \|date = January 29, 2007 \|url = http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/concannon \|access-date = April 26, 2007 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070503091216/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/concannon/ \|archive-date = May 3, 2007 }}</ref> Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Michigan, and western Ohio are sometimes included in Tornado Alley.<ref name="si"/> Some research suggests that tornadoes are becoming more frequent in the northern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the Canadian Prairies.<ref name="usask">{{cite web\|url=https://www.usask.ca/water/news-and-events/news/news43.php \|title=The new tornado alley \|last=Ferguson \|first=Mark \|date=2012-10-09 \|publisher=University of Saskatchewan \|access-date=2014-01-16 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118195234/http://www.usask.ca/water/news-and-events/news/news43.php \|archive-date=2014-01-18 }}</ref> No place on earth is entirely free of tornadoes, however, they occur much more frequently in the [[United States]], particularly in the [[Central United States\|Central states]], between the [[Rocky Mountains]] to the west and [[Appalachian Mountains]] to the east.<ref name="nssl">{{cite web \|title = Severe Weather 101: Tornado FAQ \|work = National Severe Storms Laboratory \|publisher = NOAA \|date = January 29, 2007 \|url = http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/faq \|access-date = September 29, 2013 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131030104520/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/faq/ \|archive-date = October 30, 2013 }}</ref> Texas has the most overall number of tornadoes of any state. Per data collected through 2007, Kansas and Oklahoma ranked first and second respectively in the number of tornadoes per area. However, in 2013 statistics from the [[National Climatic Data Center]] reported Florida ranked first in tornadoes per area, although Florida is not a part of Tornado Alley.<ref name="ncdc">{{cite web \|title = Tornado Climatology \|publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]] \|date = January 29, 2007 \|url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/severeweather/tornadoes.html \|access-date = April 26, 2007 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629012820/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/severeweather/tornadoes.html \|archive-date = June 29, 2011 }}</ref> Florida's high ranking on the tornado list also has to do with the fact that the state sees a high number of [[waterspout]]s, small tornadoes that form over water. Although strong land-tornadoes have hit Florida and reports show Florida has a very high number of overall tornadoes, the tornadoes in the state seldom reach the velocity of those that may occur in the Southern Plains.<ref name="ncdc"/> In the United States, tornadoes typically occur in late spring and early summer during the changing season patterns as a warm air mass typically collides with a cold air mass resulting in tornadoes.<ref name=ncdc /> Another criterion for the location of Tornado Alley can be where the strongest tornadoes occur more frequently.<ref>{{cite tech report \|title=Taking Shelter from the Storm: Building a Safe Room for Your Home or Small Business \|number=P-320 \|institution=FEMA \|date=December 2014 \|url=http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1418837471752-920f09bb8187ee15436712a3e82ce709/FEMA_P-320_2014_508.pdf \|access-date=July 18, 2015 \|format=pdf \|edition=4th \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721201637/http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1418837471752-920f09bb8187ee15436712a3e82ce709/FEMA_P-320_2014_508.pdf \|archive-date=July 21, 2015 }}</ref> Tornado Alley can also be defined as an area reaching from central Texas to the Canadian Prairies and from eastern Colorado to western Ohio.<ref name="si" /> Some researchers argue that there are several Tornado Alleys.<ref name="si" /> In addition to the Texas/Oklahoma/Kansas core, such other areas include the Upper Midwest, the lower Ohio Valley, the Tennessee Valley, and the lower Mississippi valley, which may have respective distinguishing characteristics.<ref name="si" /> A coherent conception considers that there is a single Tornado Alley in the United States and Canada, and that this can simply be subdivided into smaller areas based on regional attributes.<ref name="smaller alleys">{{cite conference \|first=Chris \|last=Broyles \|author2=C. Crosbie \|title=Evidence of Smaller Tornado Alleys Across the United States Based on a Long Track F3-F5 Tornado Climatology Study from 1880-2003 \|book-title=22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms \|publisher=American Meteorological Society \|date=October 2004 \|location=Hyannis, MA \|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81872.htm \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002101420/https://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81872.htm \|archive-date=2013-10-02 }}</ref> The extension of the North American tornadically active in the southeastern U.S., notably the lower [[Mississippi Valley]] and the upper [[Tennessee Valley]], are sometimes called by the nickname "[[Dixie Alley]]", coined in 1971 by [[Allen Pearson]], former director of the [[National Severe Storms Forecast Center]] (NSSFC).<ref>Gagan et al. (2010), page 147.</ref> A 2018 study found in the U.S., over the study period 1979–2017, an overall eastward shift of tornado frequency and impacts - toward Dixie Alley.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Rice \|first1=Doyle \|title=USA's infamous 'Tornado Alley' may be shifting east \|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2018/10/17/tornado-alley-shifting-east/1660803002/ \|publisher=USA Today \|date=17 October 2018}}</ref> The study found, since 1979, relatively-lower tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the traditional Tornado Alley, especially areas from north-central Texas toward the Houston, TX area, and relatively-higher tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the Mid-South, especially eastern Arkansas, the greater Memphis, TN area and northern Mississippi - all areas near the heart of Dixie Alley - see especially Figure 4. In Tornado Alley, warm, humid air from the equator meets cool to cold, dry air from Canada and the [[Rocky Mountains]]. This creates an ideal environment for tornadoes to form within developed thunderstorms and [[supercell]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-tornado-alley-where-are-tornadoes-most-likely-to-occur-where-is-the-tornado-belt.html\|title=Tornado Alley: The Most Tornado Prone Region In The World\|date=September 16, 2016\|website=www.worldatlas.com\|access-date=October 15, 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025153639/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-tornado-alley-where-are-tornadoes-most-likely-to-occur-where-is-the-tornado-belt.html\|archive-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref> == Origin of the term == The term "tornado alley" was first used in 1952 by U.S. Air Force meteorologists Major Ernest J. Fawbush (1915–1982) and Captain [[Robert C. Miller]] (1920–1998), as the title of a research project<ref>{{cite web\|title=Essay Tornado\|url=http://essaytornado.com\|work=Major Ernest J. Fawbush and Captain Robert C. Miller\|access-date=November 25, 2015\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103074031/http://essaytornado.com/\|archive-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref> to study severe weather in parts of Texas and Oklahoma.<ref>Jeremy Singer-Vine (May 23, 2011) [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/05/how_did_tornado_alley_get_its_name.html "How did "Tornado Alley" get its name?,"] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528231235/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/05/how_did_tornado_alley_get_its_name.html \|date=2012-05-28 }} ''Slate'' (on-line magazine).</ref><ref>John P. Gagan, Alan Gerard, and John Gordon (December 2010) [http://www.nwas.org/digest/papers/2010/Vol34No2/Pg145-Gagan-etal.pdf "A historical and statistical comparison of "Tornado Alley" to "Dixie Alley", "] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517230917/http://www.nwas.org/digest/papers/2010/Vol34No2/Pg145-Gagan-etal.pdf \|date=2012-05-17 }} ''National Weather Digest'', vol. 34, no. 2, pages 146-155; see especially page 146.</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/goldenanniversary/awards.html \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010504111215/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/goldenanniversary/awards.html \| title = Weather officers commended \| newspaper = Take-Off \| publisher = Tinker Air Force Base \| location = Midwest City, Oklahoma \| date = January 16, 1953 \| archive-date = 4 May 2001}}</ref> == Impact == Despite the elevated frequency of destructive tornadoes, [[building code]]s, such as requiring strengthened roofs and more secure connections between the building and its [[foundation (architecture)\|foundation]], are not necessarily stricter compared to other areas of the United States and are markedly weaker than some hurricane prone areas, such as south Florida. One particular tornado-afflicted town, [[Moore, Oklahoma]], managed to increase its building requirements in 2014.<ref>{{cite news \|last = Simmons \|first = Kevin M. \|title = An Oklahoma Suburb, Tornado-Ready \|newspaper = The New York Times \|date = May 14, 2015 \|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/14/opinion/an-oklahoma-suburb-tornado-ready.html \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161124101451/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/14/opinion/an-oklahoma-suburb-tornado-ready.html \|archive-date = November 24, 2016 }}</ref> Other common precautionary measures include the construction of [[storm cellar]]s and the installation of [[Civil defense siren\|tornado sirens]]. Tornado awareness, [[Tornado preparedness\|preparedness]], and [[Mass media\|media]] weather coverage are also high. The southeastern United States is particularly prone to violent, long track tornadoes. Much of the housing in this region is less robust compared to other areas in the United States, and many people live in mobile homes. As a result, tornado-related casualties in the [[southern United States]] are higher. Significant tornadoes occur less frequently than in the traditionally recognized tornado alley; however, very severe and expansive [[Tornado outbreak\|outbreaks]] occur every few years.{{cn\|date=April 2024}} == Frequency of tornadoes == These figures, reported by the [[National Climatic Data Center]] for the period between 1991 and 2010, show the seventeen U.S. states with the highest average number of EF0-EF5 tornadoes per {{convert\|10000\|sqmi\|km2\|abbr=out\|1}} per year.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Average Annual Number of EF0-EF5 Tornadoes per 10,000 square miles during 1991 - 2010\|url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/images/tornado/clim/avg-ef0-ef5-torn1991-2010.gif\|work=National Climatic Data Center\|publisher=NOAA.gov\|access-date=October 26, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191409/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/images/tornado/clim/avg-ef0-ef5-torn1991-2010.gif\|archive-date=October 29, 2013\|location=U.S. Tornado Climatology\|format=gif\|url-status=live}}</ref> {{div col\|colwidth=12em}} # Florida: 12.3 # Kansas: 11.7 # Maryland: 9.9 # Illinois: 9.7 # Mississippi: 9.2 # Iowa: 9.1 # Oklahoma: 9 # South Carolina: 9 # Alabama: 8.6 # Louisiana: 8.5 # Arkansas: 7.5 # Nebraska: 7.4 # Missouri: 6.5 # North Carolina: 6.4 # Tennessee: 6.2 # Indiana: 6.1 # Texas: 5.9 {{div col end}} == Tornadoes in Canada == Canada records the second most tornadoes in the world after the United States.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2023}} The average number of tornadoes per equal area of land is highest in the southern parts of [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]], and [[Ontario]]. [[File:Canadian Tornado Alleys.png\|thumb\|Canadian Tornado Alley]] Roughly half of all Canadian tornadoes strike the Canadian Prairies and [[Northern Ontario]] as far east as [[Lake Superior]]. Together, these regions make up the northernmost border of the U.S. Tornado Alley. Tornadoes up to [[2007 Elie tornado\|F5]] in strength have been documented in this region.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Spring and Summer Weather Hazards \|date = 9 June 2010\|url=http://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=6C5D4990-1#tornadoes \|publisher=Government of Canada \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802230612/http://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=6C5D4990-1 \|archive-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> Another third of Canadian tornadoes strike [[Southern Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], especially in the region between the [[Great Lakes]] and the nation's capital city, [[Ottawa]]. Tornadoes do not often hit lake shadow regions,<ref name="yorku.ca"/> although they are not unknown, and some, such as the [[2011 Goderich, Ontario tornado\|2011 Goderich tornado]], have been violent. However, most Ontario tornadoes are concentrated in a narrow corridor from [[Windsor, Ontario\|Windsor]] to [[Ottawa]]<ref name="yorku.ca">{{cite web \|url=http://www.yorku.ca/pat/research/dsills/papers/GLOMW2012/Sills_GLOMW2012.pdf \|title=A Fresh Spin on Tornado Occurrence and Intensity in Ontario \|last=Sills \|first=David \|publisher=Environment Canada \|access-date=2014-01-17 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118175543/http://www.yorku.ca/pat/research/dsills/papers/GLOMW2012/Sills_GLOMW2012.pdf \|archive-date=2014-01-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Meiklejohn \|first1=Scott \|title=The current 'Tornado Alley' \|url=http://mobile.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=Should__Tornado_Alley__be_expanded__11_04_2012?ref=ccbox_news_topstories \|publisher=The Weather Network \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121025510/http://mobile.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3DShould__Tornado_Alley__be_expanded__11_04_2012?ref=ccbox_news_topstories \|archive-date=21 January 2014 \|date=11 April 2012}}</ref> as well as through portions of Central Quebec.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Salazar\|first=Antoinette\|date=2021-12-13\|title=Where is the Tornado Alley in Canada?\|url=https://cubetoronto.com/canada/where-is-the-tornado-alley-in-canada/\|access-date=2022-01-18\|website=About Canada\|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Northern Tornadoes Project\|url=https://www.uwo.ca/ntp/\|access-date=2022-01-18\|website=Northern Tornadoes Project\|language=en}}</ref> Tornadoes up to F4 in strength have been documented in this region. In more recent years, an emerging trend has suggested that the [[Ottawa Valley]] is seeing an increasing number of frequent and violent tornadoes. The [[2018 United States–Canada tornado outbreak\|2018 National Capital Region Outbreak]] spawned a high-end EF3 and high-end EF2 which caused catastrophic damage to areas in both Ottawa and Gatineau. 2023 saw 5 tornadoes of varying intensities strike the region, including two EF1 tornadoes which touched down in the [[Barrhaven]] suburb within minutes of one another. This phenomenon, while still in the preliminary stages of study, has led some to name this hotspot "Tornado Valley".{{cn\|date=April 2024}} [[Southwestern Ontario]] weather is strongly influenced by its peninsular position between the [[Great Lakes]]. As a result, increases in temperature in this region are likely to increase the amount of precipitation in storms due to lake evaporation. Increased temperature contrasts may also increase the violence and possibly the number of tornadoes.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.sciences360.com/index.php/weather-predictions-made-by-the-global-warming-model-3254/ \|title=Weather Predictions Made by the Global Warming Model \|last=Scott \|first=Cameron \|publisher=Sciences 360 \|date=2012-04-11 \|access-date=2014-01-17 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201185344/http://www.sciences360.com/index.php/weather-predictions-made-by-the-global-warming-model-3254/ \|archive-date=2014-02-01 }}</ref> [[Northern Ontario]] between the Manitoba border and Lake Superior is also prone to severe tornadoes, but tornadoes in this area are believed to be underestimated due to the extremely low population in this region.<ref name="yorku.ca" /><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/when-is-peak-tornado-season-in-canada/31509 \|title=When is Peak Tornado Season in Canada? \|publisher=AccuWeather \|date=2010-05-14 \|access-date=2014-01-16 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118051928/http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/when-is-peak-tornado-season-in-canada/31509 \|archive-date=2014-01-18 }}</ref> == See also == {{portal\|Tornadoes}} * [[Hailstorm Alley]] * [[Hurricane Alley]] * [[List of tornadoes by calendar day]] * [[Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks]] * [[Tornado climatology]] == References == {{reflist\|2}} == External links == * [http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/tornado/ NSSL Tornado Climatology] * [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0434%282003%29018%3C0626:CEOLDT%3E2.0.CO;2 Climatological Estimates of Local Daily Tornado Probability for the United States] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081029181406/http://www.cas.sc.edu/geog/hrl/Hazard_Pubs/2003_TornadoHazardsUSA.pdf Tornado hazards in the United States] * [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809503000504 Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions] {{coord\|35\|N\|88\|W\|source:wikidata\|display=title}} {{U.S. Belt regions}} [[Category:Tornado]] [[Category:Regions of the United States]] [[Category:Natural history of the United States]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (`edit_diff`)	'@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ [[File:Tornado Alley Diagram.svg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|A diagram of tornado alley based on 1 tornado or more per decade. Rough location (red), and its contributing weather systems]] -'''Tornado Alley''' is a loosely defined location of the central [[United States]] and [[Canada]] where [[tornado]]es are most frequent.<ref>{{cite book \|last = Glickman \|first = Todd S. \|title = Glossary of Meteorology \|publisher = American Meteorological Society \|edition = 2nd \|date = 2000 \|location = Boston \|isbn = 978-1878220349 \|url = http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Tornado_alley \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094330/http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Tornado_alley \|archive-date = 2015-05-18 }}</ref> The term was first used in 1952 as the title of a [[research project]] to study [[severe weather]] in areas of [[Texas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Kansas]], [[South Dakota]], [[Iowa]] and [[Nebraska]]. Tornado climatologists distinguish peaks in activity in certain areas<ref name="smaller alleys" /> and [[Storm chasing\|storm chasers]] have long recognized the [[Great Plains]] '''tornado belt'''.<ref>{{cite journal \|last = Prentice \|first = Robert A. \|title = When to Chase \|journal = Stormtrack \|volume = 16 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 8–11 \|date = Nov–Dec 1992 }}</ref> - -As a colloquial term there are no definitively set boundaries of Tornado Alley, but the area common to most definitions extends from Texas, through Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Iowa, [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Missouri]], [[Arkansas]], [[North Dakota]], [[Montana]], [[Ohio]], and eastern portions of [[Colorado]] and [[Wyoming]].<ref name="si">{{cite web \|title = Tornado Alley \|publisher = Smithsonian Institution \|url = http://www.si.edu/Content/SE/Educator%20Guides/Tornado_EdGuide_R5.pdf \|access-date = October 2, 2013 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131018054833/http://www.si.edu/Content/SE/Educator%20Guides/Tornado_EdGuide_R5.pdf \|archive-date = October 18, 2013 }}</ref> Research suggests that the main alley may be shifting eastward away from the Great Plains,<ref>{{cite news\|title=Tornado outbreaks seem to be occurring in greater 'clusters,' but the role that climate change plays in them is unclear.\|first1=Michael\|last1=Levenson\|first2=Vimal\|last2=Patel\|first3=Isabella\|last3=Grullón Paz\|first4=Mike\|last4=Ives\|first5=Winston\|last5=Choi-Schagrin\|work=[[The New York Times]]\|date=December 11, 2021\|accessdate=December 11, 2021\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/12/11/us/tornadoes-midwest-south#such-tornado-outbreaks-seem-to-be-occurring-in-greater-clusters-researchers-say}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|title=Spatial trends in United States tornado frequency\|first1=Vittorio A.\|last1=Gensini\|first2=Harold E.\|last2=Brooks\|journal=[[npj Climate and Atmospheric Science]]\|publisher=Springer Nature\|volume=1\|issue=38\|date=October 17, 2018\|doi=10.1038/s41612-018-0048-2\|s2cid=134206119 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> and that tornadoes are also becoming more frequent in the northern and eastern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the [[Canadian Prairies]], [[Ohio]], [[Michigan]], and [[Southern Ontario]].<ref name="usask"/><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2022/05/27/gaylord-ef-3-tornado-climate-change/9932205002/ \| title=Michiganders should take tornadoes more seriously after Gaylord, experts say }}</ref> +'''Tornado Alley''' is a loosely defined location of the central [[United States] +Big balls == Geographical area == '
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Lines removed in edit (`removed_lines`)	[ 0 => ''''Tornado Alley''' is a loosely defined location of the central [[United States]] and [[Canada]] where [[tornado]]es are most frequent.<ref>{{cite book \|last = Glickman \|first = Todd S. \|title = Glossary of Meteorology \|publisher = American Meteorological Society \|edition = 2nd \|date = 2000 \|location = Boston \|isbn = 978-1878220349 \|url = http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Tornado_alley \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094330/http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Tornado_alley \|archive-date = 2015-05-18 }}</ref> The term was first used in 1952 as the title of a [[research project]] to study [[severe weather]] in areas of [[Texas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Kansas]], [[South Dakota]], [[Iowa]] and [[Nebraska]]. Tornado climatologists distinguish peaks in activity in certain areas<ref name="smaller alleys" /> and [[Storm chasing\|storm chasers]] have long recognized the [[Great Plains]] '''tornado belt'''.<ref>{{cite journal \|last = Prentice \|first = Robert A. \|title = When to Chase \|journal = Stormtrack \|volume = 16 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 8–11 \|date = Nov–Dec 1992 }}</ref>', 1 => '', 2 => 'As a colloquial term there are no definitively set boundaries of Tornado Alley, but the area common to most definitions extends from Texas, through Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Iowa, [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Missouri]], [[Arkansas]], [[North Dakota]], [[Montana]], [[Ohio]], and eastern portions of [[Colorado]] and [[Wyoming]].<ref name="si">{{cite web \|title = Tornado Alley \|publisher = Smithsonian Institution \|url = http://www.si.edu/Content/SE/Educator%20Guides/Tornado_EdGuide_R5.pdf \|access-date = October 2, 2013 \|url-status = live \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131018054833/http://www.si.edu/Content/SE/Educator%20Guides/Tornado_EdGuide_R5.pdf \|archive-date = October 18, 2013 }}</ref> Research suggests that the main alley may be shifting eastward away from the Great Plains,<ref>{{cite news\|title=Tornado outbreaks seem to be occurring in greater 'clusters,' but the role that climate change plays in them is unclear.\|first1=Michael\|last1=Levenson\|first2=Vimal\|last2=Patel\|first3=Isabella\|last3=Grullón Paz\|first4=Mike\|last4=Ives\|first5=Winston\|last5=Choi-Schagrin\|work=[[The New York Times]]\|date=December 11, 2021\|accessdate=December 11, 2021\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/12/11/us/tornadoes-midwest-south#such-tornado-outbreaks-seem-to-be-occurring-in-greater-clusters-researchers-say}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|title=Spatial trends in United States tornado frequency\|first1=Vittorio A.\|last1=Gensini\|first2=Harold E.\|last2=Brooks\|journal=[[npj Climate and Atmospheric Science]]\|publisher=Springer Nature\|volume=1\|issue=38\|date=October 17, 2018\|doi=10.1038/s41612-018-0048-2\|s2cid=134206119 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> and that tornadoes are also becoming more frequent in the northern and eastern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the [[Canadian Prairies]], [[Ohio]], [[Michigan]], and [[Southern Ontario]].<ref name="usask"/><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2022/05/27/gaylord-ef-3-tornado-climate-change/9932205002/ \| title=Michiganders should take tornadoes more seriously after Gaylord, experts say }}</ref>' ]
All external links added in the edit (`added_links`)	[]
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (`new_html`)	'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical place in the United States where tornadoes commonly occur</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book by William S. Burroughs, see <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley_(book)" title="Tornado Alley (book)">Tornado Alley (book)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tornado_Alley" title="Special:EditPage/Tornado Alley">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tornado+Alley%22">"Tornado Alley"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tornado+Alley%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tornado+Alley%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tornado+Alley%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tornado+Alley%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tornado+Alley%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_Alley_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tornado_Alley_Diagram.svg/330px-Tornado_Alley_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tornado_Alley_Diagram.svg/495px-Tornado_Alley_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tornado_Alley_Diagram.svg/660px-Tornado_Alley_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of tornado alley based on 1 tornado or more per decade. Rough location (red), and its contributing weather systems</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tornado Alley</b> is a loosely defined location of the central [[United States] Big balls </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geographical_area"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geographical area</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origin_of_the_term"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Origin of the term</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Impact"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Frequency_of_tornadoes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Frequency of tornadoes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Tornadoes_in_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tornadoes in Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geographical_area">Geographical area</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tornado_Alley&action=edit&section=1"title="Edit section: Geographical area" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_Alley.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tornado_Alley.svg/330px-Tornado_Alley.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tornado_Alley.svg/495px-Tornado_Alley.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tornado_Alley.svg/660px-Tornado_Alley.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Tornado activity in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the years, the location(s) of Tornado Alley have not been clearly defined. No definition of tornado alley has ever been officially designated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> (NWS).<sup id="cite_ref-nssl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssl-1">[1]</a></sup> Thus, differences in location are the result of the different criteria used.<sup id="cite_ref-nssl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssl-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Severe_Storms_Laboratory" title="National Severe Storms Laboratory">National Severe Storms Laboratory</a> (NSSL) FAQ,<sup id="cite_ref-nssl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssl-1">[1]</a></sup> "Tornado Alley" is a term used by the media as a reference to areas that have higher numbers of tornadoes. A study of 1921–1995 tornadoes concluded almost one-fourth of all significant tornadoes occur in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Michigan, and western Ohio are sometimes included in Tornado Alley.<sup id="cite_ref-si_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-si-4">[4]</a></sup> Some research suggests that tornadoes are becoming more frequent in the northern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the Canadian Prairies.<sup id="cite_ref-usask_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usask-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>No place on earth is entirely free of tornadoes, however, they occur much more frequently in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central states</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-nssl_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssl-1">[1]</a></sup> Texas has the most overall number of tornadoes of any state. Per data collected through 2007, Kansas and Oklahoma ranked first and second respectively in the number of tornadoes per area. However, in 2013 statistics from the <a href="/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_Center" title="National Climatic Data Center">National Climatic Data Center</a> reported Florida ranked first in tornadoes per area, although Florida is not a part of Tornado Alley.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-6">[6]</a></sup> Florida's high ranking on the tornado list also has to do with the fact that the state sees a high number of <a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">waterspouts</a>, small tornadoes that form over water. Although strong land-tornadoes have hit Florida and reports show Florida has a very high number of overall tornadoes, the tornadoes in the state seldom reach the velocity of those that may occur in the Southern Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-6">[6]</a></sup> In the United States, tornadoes typically occur in late spring and early summer during the changing season patterns as a warm air mass typically collides with a cold air mass resulting in tornadoes.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-6">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>Another criterion for the location of Tornado Alley can be where the strongest tornadoes occur more frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>Tornado Alley can also be defined as an area reaching from central Texas to the Canadian Prairies and from eastern Colorado to western Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-si_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-si-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers argue that there are several Tornado Alleys.<sup id="cite_ref-si_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-si-4">[4]</a></sup> In addition to the Texas/Oklahoma/Kansas core, such other areas include the Upper Midwest, the lower Ohio Valley, the Tennessee Valley, and the lower Mississippi valley, which may have respective distinguishing characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-si_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-si-4">[4]</a></sup> A coherent conception considers that there is a single Tornado Alley in the United States and Canada, and that this can simply be subdivided into smaller areas based on regional attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-smaller_alleys_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smaller_alleys-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>The extension of the North American tornadically active in the southeastern U.S., notably the lower <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Valley">Mississippi Valley</a> and the upper <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a>, are sometimes called by the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Dixie_Alley" title="Dixie Alley">Dixie Alley</a>", coined in 1971 by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Pearson" title="Allen Pearson">Allen Pearson</a>, former director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Severe_Storms_Forecast_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Severe Storms Forecast Center">National Severe Storms Forecast Center</a> (NSSFC).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> A 2018 study found in the U.S., over the study period 1979–2017, an overall eastward shift of tornado frequency and impacts - toward Dixie Alley.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> The study found, since 1979, relatively-lower tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the traditional Tornado Alley, especially areas from north-central Texas toward the Houston, TX area, and relatively-higher tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the Mid-South, especially eastern Arkansas, the greater Memphis, TN area and northern Mississippi - all areas near the heart of Dixie Alley - see especially Figure 4. </p><p>In Tornado Alley, warm, humid air from the equator meets cool to cold, dry air from Canada and the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. This creates an ideal environment for tornadoes to form within developed thunderstorms and <a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">supercell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tornado_Alley&action=edit&section=2"title="Edit section: Origin of the term" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <p>The term "tornado alley" was first used in 1952 by U.S. Air Force meteorologists Major Ernest J. Fawbush (1915–1982) and Captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Miller" title="Robert C. Miller">Robert C. Miller</a> (1920–1998), as the title of a research project<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> to study severe weather in parts of Texas and Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tornado_Alley&action=edit&section=3"title="Edit section: Impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <p>Despite the elevated frequency of destructive tornadoes, <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a>, such as requiring strengthened roofs and more secure connections between the building and its <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (architecture)">foundation</a>, are not necessarily stricter compared to other areas of the United States and are markedly weaker than some hurricane prone areas, such as south Florida. One particular tornado-afflicted town, <a href="/wiki/Moore,_Oklahoma" title="Moore, Oklahoma">Moore, Oklahoma</a>, managed to increase its building requirements in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Other common precautionary measures include the construction of <a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">storm cellars</a> and the installation of <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_siren" title="Civil defense siren">tornado sirens</a>. Tornado awareness, <a href="/wiki/Tornado_preparedness" title="Tornado preparedness">preparedness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> weather coverage are also high. </p><p>The southeastern United States is particularly prone to violent, long track tornadoes. Much of the housing in this region is less robust compared to other areas in the United States, and many people live in mobile homes. As a result, tornado-related casualties in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern United States</a> are higher. Significant tornadoes occur less frequently than in the traditionally recognized tornado alley; however, very severe and expansive <a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak" title="Tornado outbreak">outbreaks</a> occur every few years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Frequency_of_tornadoes">Frequency of tornadoes</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tornado_Alley&action=edit&section=4"title="Edit section: Frequency of tornadoes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <p>These figures, reported by the <a href="/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_Center" title="National Climatic Data Center">National Climatic Data Center</a> for the period between 1991 and 2010, show the seventeen U.S. states with the highest average number of EF0-EF5 tornadoes per 10,000 square miles (25,899.9 km<sup>2</sup>) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ol><li>Florida: 12.3</li> <li>Kansas: 11.7</li> <li>Maryland: 9.9</li> <li>Illinois: 9.7</li> <li>Mississippi: 9.2</li> <li>Iowa: 9.1</li> <li>Oklahoma: 9</li> <li>South Carolina: 9</li> <li>Alabama: 8.6</li> <li>Louisiana: 8.5</li> <li>Arkansas: 7.5</li> <li>Nebraska: 7.4</li> <li>Missouri: 6.5</li> <li>North Carolina: 6.4</li> <li>Tennessee: 6.2</li> <li>Indiana: 6.1</li> <li>Texas: 5.9</li></ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tornadoes_in_Canada">Tornadoes in Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tornado_Alley&action=edit&section=5"title="Edit section: Tornadoes in Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <p>Canada records the second most tornadoes in the world after the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The average number of tornadoes per equal area of land is highest in the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Tornado_Alleys.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canadian_Tornado_Alleys.png/220px-Canadian_Tornado_Alleys.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canadian_Tornado_Alleys.png/330px-Canadian_Tornado_Alleys.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canadian_Tornado_Alleys.png/440px-Canadian_Tornado_Alleys.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Canadian Tornado Alley</figcaption></figure> <p>Roughly half of all Canadian tornadoes strike the Canadian Prairies and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a> as far east as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>. Together, these regions make up the northernmost border of the U.S. Tornado Alley. Tornadoes up to <a href="/wiki/2007_Elie_tornado" title="2007 Elie tornado">F5</a> in strength have been documented in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>Another third of Canadian tornadoes strike <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, especially in the region between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and the nation's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. Tornadoes do not often hit lake shadow regions,<sup id="cite_ref-yorku.ca_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-19">[19]</a></sup> although they are not unknown, and some, such as the <a href="/wiki/2011_Goderich,_Ontario_tornado" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Goderich, Ontario tornado">2011 Goderich tornado</a>, have been violent. However, most Ontario tornadoes are concentrated in a narrow corridor from <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a><sup id="cite_ref-yorku.ca_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> as well as through portions of Central Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> Tornadoes up to F4 in strength have been documented in this region. </p><p>In more recent years, an emerging trend has suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley" title="Ottawa Valley">Ottawa Valley</a> is seeing an increasing number of frequent and violent tornadoes. The <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States%E2%80%93Canada_tornado_outbreak" title="2018 United States–Canada tornado outbreak">2018 National Capital Region Outbreak</a> spawned a high-end EF3 and high-end EF2 which caused catastrophic damage to areas in both Ottawa and Gatineau. 2023 saw 5 tornadoes of varying intensities strike the region, including two EF1 tornadoes which touched down in the <a href="/wiki/Barrhaven" title="Barrhaven">Barrhaven</a> suburb within minutes of one another. This phenomenon, while still in the preliminary stages of study, has led some to name this hotspot "Tornado Valley".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario" title="Southwestern Ontario">Southwestern Ontario</a> weather is strongly influenced by its peninsular position between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. As a result, increases in temperature in this region are likely to increase the amount of precipitation in storms due to lake evaporation. Increased temperature contrasts may also increase the violence and possibly the number of tornadoes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a> between the Manitoba border and Lake Superior is also prone to severe tornadoes, but tornadoes in this area are believed to be underestimated due to the extremely low population in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-yorku.ca_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tornado_Alley&action=edit&section=6"title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span 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.portalbox{background:transparent}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .pane{background:transparent}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EF4DaltonMNtornadoJuly2020.png/32px-EF4DaltonMNtornadoJuly2020.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EF4DaltonMNtornadoJuly2020.png/48px-EF4DaltonMNtornadoJuly2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EF4DaltonMNtornadoJuly2020.png/64px-EF4DaltonMNtornadoJuly2020.png 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="726" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tornadoes" title="Portal:Tornadoes">Tornadoes portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hailstorm_Alley" title="Hailstorm Alley">Hailstorm Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Alley" title="Hurricane Alley">Hurricane Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tornadoes_by_calendar_day" title="List of tornadoes by calendar day">List of tornadoes by calendar day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks" title="Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks">Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_climatology" title="Tornado climatology">Tornado climatology</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tornado_Alley&action=edit&section=7"title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nssl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nssl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssl_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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U.S. Tornado Climatology: NOAA.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191409/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/images/tornado/clim/avg-ef0-ef5-torn1991-2010.gif">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+is+Peak+Tornado+Season+in+Canada%3F&rft.pub=AccuWeather&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accuweather.com%2Fen%2Fweather-blogs%2Fanderson%2Fwhen-is-peak-tornado-season-in-canada%2F31509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATornado+Alley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tornado_Alley&action=edit&section=8"title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/tornado/">NSSL Tornado Climatology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0434%282003%29018%3C0626:CEOLDT%3E2.0.CO;2">Climatological Estimates of Local Daily Tornado Probability for the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029181406/http://www.cas.sc.edu/geog/hrl/Hazard_Pubs/2003_TornadoHazardsUSA.pdf">Tornado hazards in the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809503000504">Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tornado_Alley&params=35_N_88_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°N</span> <span class="longitude">88°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35°N 88°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35; -88</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._Belt_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. Belt regions"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Belt&quot;_regions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_belt_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of belt regions of the United States">"Belt" regions</a> of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_belt" title="Banana belt">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_bison_belt" title="Great bison belt">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht_Belt" title="Borscht Belt">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_Belt" title="Fruit Belt">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor#"Jell-O_Belt"" title="Mormon corridor">Jell-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Missouri_Lead_District" title="Southeast Missouri Lead District">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Belt_(Mississippi)" title="Pine Belt (Mississippi)">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretzel_Belt" title="Pretzel Belt">Pretzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Belt" title="Rice Belt">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Belt" title="Salt Belt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowbelt" title="Snowbelt">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_Belt" title="Stroke Belt">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchurched_Belt" title="Unchurched Belt">Unchurched</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (`tor_exit_node`)	false
Unix timestamp of change (`timestamp`)	'1712799667'

 [[File:Tornado Alley Diagram.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|A diagram of tornado alley based on 1 tornado or more per decade. Rough location (red), and its contributing weather systems]]
+'''Tornado Alley''' is a loosely defined location of the central [[United States]
-'''Tornado Alley''' is a loosely defined location of the central [[United States]] and [[Canada]] where [[tornado]]es are most frequent.<ref>{{cite book |last = Glickman |first = Todd S. |title = Glossary of Meteorology |publisher = American Meteorological Society |edition = 2nd |date = 2000 |location = Boston |isbn = 978-1878220349 |url = http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Tornado_alley |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094330/http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Tornado_alley |archive-date = 2015-05-18 }}</ref> The term was first used in 1952 as the title of a [[research project]] to study [[severe weather]] in areas of [[Texas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Kansas]], [[South Dakota]], [[Iowa]] and [[Nebraska]]. Tornado climatologists distinguish peaks in activity in certain areas<ref name="smaller alleys" /> and [[Storm chasing|storm chasers]] have long recognized the [[Great Plains]] '''tornado belt'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Prentice |first = Robert A. |title = When to Chase |journal = Stormtrack |volume = 16 |issue = 1 |pages = 8–11 |date = Nov–Dec 1992 }}</ref>
+Big balls
-As a colloquial term there are no definitively set boundaries of Tornado Alley, but the area common to most definitions extends from Texas, through Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Iowa, [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Missouri]], [[Arkansas]], [[North Dakota]], [[Montana]], [[Ohio]], and eastern portions of [[Colorado]] and [[Wyoming]].<ref name="si">{{cite web |title = Tornado Alley |publisher = Smithsonian Institution |url = http://www.si.edu/Content/SE/Educator%20Guides/Tornado_EdGuide_R5.pdf |access-date = October 2, 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131018054833/http://www.si.edu/Content/SE/Educator%20Guides/Tornado_EdGuide_R5.pdf |archive-date = October 18, 2013 }}</ref> Research suggests that the main alley may be shifting eastward away from the Great Plains,<ref>{{cite news|title=Tornado outbreaks seem to be occurring in greater 'clusters,' but the role that climate change plays in them is unclear.|first1=Michael|last1=Levenson|first2=Vimal|last2=Patel|first3=Isabella|last3=Grullón Paz|first4=Mike|last4=Ives|first5=Winston|last5=Choi-Schagrin|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 11, 2021|accessdate=December 11, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/12/11/us/tornadoes-midwest-south#such-tornado-outbreaks-seem-to-be-occurring-in-greater-clusters-researchers-say}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Spatial trends in United States tornado frequency|first1=Vittorio A.|last1=Gensini|first2=Harold E.|last2=Brooks|journal=[[npj Climate and Atmospheric Science]]|publisher=Springer Nature|volume=1|issue=38|date=October 17, 2018|doi=10.1038/s41612-018-0048-2|s2cid=134206119 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and that tornadoes are also becoming more frequent in the northern and eastern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the [[Canadian Prairies]], [[Ohio]], [[Michigan]], and [[Southern Ontario]].<ref name="usask"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2022/05/27/gaylord-ef-3-tornado-climate-change/9932205002/ | title=Michiganders should take tornadoes more seriously after Gaylord, experts say }}</ref>
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